banner



Home  ›  How Much Space Animals Take In The Ocean

How Much Space Animals Take In The Ocean

Written By Tuesday, July 5, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Overview of space enquiry concerning non-human animals

Landmarks for animals in space
1947: First animals in space (fruit flies)
1949: Beginning primate in space
1950: First mouse in space
1951: First dogs in infinite
1957: First fauna in orbit
1959: First rabbit in space
1961: Beginning ape in space
1961: Commencement guinea pig in space
1963: Kickoff true cat in infinite
1968: Outset animals in deep space and to circumvolve the Moon
1970: Commencement frogs in space
1973: Start fish in space
1973: Get-go spiders in space
2007: Showtime fauna survives exposure to space

Animals in infinite originally served to exam the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted. Later, other not-human animals were flown to investigate various biological processes and the furnishings microgravity and space flight might have on them. Bioastronautics is an expanse of bioengineering inquiry which spans the study and support of life in space. To date, 7 national space programs have flown animals into space: the Soviet Union, United states of america, France, Argentina, Cathay, Japan and Islamic republic of iran.

A wide variety of animals have been launched into space, including monkeys and apes, dogs, cats, tortoises, mice, rats, rabbits, fish, frogs, spiders, and insects. The Us launched flights carrying primates primarily between 1948 and 1961, with one flight in 1969 and i in 1985. France launched ii monkey-carrying flights in 1967. The Soviet Spousal relationship and Russia launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet infinite program used a number of dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights.[1]

Two tortoises and a variety of insects were the outset inhabitants of Earth to circle the Moon, on the 1968 Zond 5 mission. In 1972 five mice, Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey, orbited the Moon a tape 75 times in Apollo 17's Command Module America, the last crewed voyage to the Moon.

Background [edit]

Animals had been used in aeronautic exploration since 1783 when the Montgolfier brothers sent a sheep, a duck, and a rooster aloft in a hot air airship to run into if ground-habitation animals tin can survive (the duck serving as the experimental command). The express supply of captured German V-2 rockets led to the U.Southward. use of high-altitude balloon launches carrying fruit flies, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, frogs, goldfish and monkeys to heights of up to 44,000 m (144,000 ft; 27 mi).[2] These high-altitude balloon flights from 1947 to 1960 tested radiation exposure, physiological response, life back up and recovery systems. The U.Southward. high-altitude manned airship flights occurred in the same time frame, one of which besides carried fruit flies.

1940s [edit]

The get-go animals sent into space were fruit flies aboard a U.S.-launched Five-2 rocket on twenty Feb 1947 from White Sands Missile Range, New United mexican states.[2] [3] [iv] [5] The purpose of the experiment was to explore the effects of radiation exposure at high altitudes. The rocket reached 109 km (68 mi) in 3 minutes 10 seconds, past both the U.Due south. Air Force 80 km (50 mi) and the international 100 km definitions of the boundary of space. The Blossom capsule was ejected and successfully deployed its parachute. The fruit flies were recovered alive. Other V-2 missions carried biological samples, including moss.

Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first monkey, first primate, and outset mammal in space on 14 June 1949, in a U.S.-launched Five-two, afterward the failure of the original Albert's mission on ascent. Albert I reached only 48–63 km (30–39 mi) altitude; Albert II reached nearly 134 km (83 mi). Albert II died on impact after a parachute failure. Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.Southward. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were nether anesthesia during launch. The death rate among these monkeys was very high: about 2-thirds of all monkeys launched in the 1940s and 1950s died on missions or soon after landing.[six]

1950s [edit]

Animals In Rocket Flight, a 1953 The states Air Force picture show

On 31 Baronial 1950, the U.S. launched a mouse into space (137 km) aboard a V-2 (the Albert V flight, which, different the Albert I-IV flights, did not have a monkey), but the rocket disintegrated considering the parachute system failed.[vii] The U.S. launched several other mice in the 1950s.

On 22 July 1951, the Soviet Union launched the R-1 IIIA-1 flight, carrying the dogs Tsygan (Russian: Цыган, "Gypsy") and Dezik (Russian: Дезик) into infinite, but non into orbit.[8] These two dogs were the first living higher organisms successfully recovered from a spaceflight.[8] Both infinite dogs survived the flight, although Dezik would dice on a subsequent flight. The U.S. launched mice aboard spacecraft subsequently that twelvemonth; all the same, they failed to reach the altitude for truthful spaceflight.

On 3 Nov 1957, the second-always orbiting spacecraft carried the starting time animal into orbit, the canis familiaris Laika,[1] launched aboard the Soviet Sputnik 2 spacecraft (nicknamed 'Muttnik' in the Westward). Laika died during the flight, as was intended because the technology to return from orbit had not yet been adult.[i] At least 10 other dogs were launched into orbit and numerous others on sub-orbital flights before the historic appointment of 12 April 1961, when Yuri Gagarin became the commencement human in space.

On thirteen December 1958, a Jupiter IRBM, AM-13, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, with a United States Navy-trained South American squirrel monkey named Gordo on lath. The nose cone recovery parachute failed to operate and Gordo was lost. Telemetry information sent back during the flying showed that the monkey survived the 10 k of launch, 8 minutes of weightlessness and 40g of reentry at 16,000 km/h (iv,400 m/s; 9,900 mph). The nose cone sank ane,302 nautical miles (2,411 km) downrange from Greatcoat Canaveral and was non recovered.

Monkeys Miss Able and Miss Baker became the first monkeys to survive spaceflight after their 1959 flight. On 28 May 1959, aboard Jupiter IRBM AM-18, were a 3 kg (7 lb) American-built-in rhesus monkey, Able, from Independence, Kansas, and a 310 g (eleven oz) squirrel monkey from Peru, Baker. The monkeys rode in the nose cone of the missile to an altitude of 579 km (360 mi) and a altitude of ii,735 km (1,699 mi) downwardly the Atlantic Missile Range from Greatcoat Canaveral, Florida. They withstood forces 38 times the normal pull of gravity and were weightless for virtually ix minutes. A summit speed of 16,000 km/h (4,400 m/s; ix,900 mph) was reached during their xvi-minute flying. The monkeys survived the flight in good condition. Able died iv days afterwards the flight from a reaction to anesthesia, while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode. Baker was the heart of media attention for the side by side several months equally she was watched closely for any sick-effects from her infinite flight. She was even mated in an attempt to test her reproductive organization.[9] Bakery lived until 29 November 1984, at the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

On 2 July 1959, a launch of a Soviet R2 rocket, which reached 212 kilometers (132 mi), carried ii space dogs and Marfusha, the first rabbit to go into space.[ii]

A 19 September 1959 launch, a Jupiter AM-23, carried ii frogs and 12 mice but was destroyed during launch.[two]

On 4 Dec 1959, a rhesus macaque Sam flew on the Footling Joe 2 mission of Project Mercury to an distance of 85 km (53 mi).[2]

1960s [edit]

During the 29 November 1961, NASA Mercury-Atlas v flight, Enos became the only chimpanzee, and 3rd primate, to orbit the Globe

On xix August 1960 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 5 (also known as Korabl-Sputnik 2) which carried the dogs Belka and Strelka, along with a gray rabbit, xl mice, 2 rats, and xv flasks of fruit flies and plants.[10] It was the first spacecraft to conduct animals into orbit and return them live.[eleven] One of Strelka's pups, Pushinka, bred and born later on her mission, was given as a present to Caroline Kennedy by Nikita Khrushchev in 1961, and many descendants are known to be.[12]

The Us sent three black mice: Sally, Amy and Moe ane,000 km up and 8,000 km distance from Greatcoat Canaveral on 13 October 1960 using an Atlas D 71D launch vehicle. The mice were retrieved from the nosecone near Ascension Island and were said to be in expert condition.[13]

On 31 January 1961, Ham, a chimpanzee, was launched in a Mercury capsule aboard a Redstone rocket to become the kickoff cracking ape in infinite. Ham'southward mission was Mercury-Redstone 2. The chimpanzee had been trained to pull levers to receive rewards of assistant pellets and avert electrical shocks.[fourteen] His flight demonstrated the power to perform tasks during spaceflight. A trivial over three months subsequently the Usa sent Alan Shepard into space. Enos became the first and only chimpanzee in orbit on 29 November 1961, in another Mercury capsule, an Atlas rocket, Mercury-Atlas 5.

On 9 March 1961 the Soviet Union launched the Korabl-Sputnik 4 that carried a dog named Chernushka, some mice, frogs and, for the first time into space, a republic of guinea hog.[15] All were successfully recovered.

French republic flew their outset rat (Hector) into infinite on 22 February 1961. Two more than rats were flown in October 1962.[16]

On eighteen October 1963, France launched Félicette the cat aboard Veronique AGI sounding rocket No. 47. The launch was directed by the French Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches de Médecine Aéronautique (CERMA). Félicette was recovered alive after a 15-minute flying and a descent by parachute. Félicette had electrodes implanted into her brain, and the recorded neural impulses were transmitted back to Earth. After two months of analysis, she was euthanised so an autopsy could be performed.[17] On xviii December 2019 a statuary statue with the figure of Félicette was inaugurated at the "Université internationalle de l'espace" in Strasbourg, France. A 2d cat was sent to space by CERMA on 24 October 1963, but the flight ran into difficulties that prevented recovery.[18] The concluding French animal launches were of 2 monkeys in March 1967.[ commendation needed ]

People's republic of china launched mice and rats in 1964 and 1965, and 2 dogs in 1966.[19]

During the Voskhod programme, two Soviet space dogs, Veterok (Ветерок, Little Current of air) and Ugolyok (Уголёк, Blackie), were launched on 22 February 1966, on lath Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March. This spaceflight of record-breaking duration was not surpassed by humans until Soyuz eleven in 1971 and still stands as the longest space flying by dogs.[ citation needed ]

The US launched Biosatellite I in 1966 and Biosatellite I/2 in 1967 with fruit flies, parasitic wasps, flour beetles and frog eggs, forth with leaner, amoebae, plants and fungi.[twenty]

On 11 April 1967, Argentina also launched the rat Belisario, atop a Yarará rocket,[21] [ self-published source? ] from Cordoba military range, which was recovered successfully. This flying was followed past a series of subsequent flights using rats.[22] Information technology is unclear if any Argentinean biological flights passed the 100 km limit of space.

The first animals in deep space, the commencement to circle the Moon, and the first ii tortoises in space were launched on Zond 5 on 14 September 1968 by the Soviet Union. The Horsfield's tortoises were sent on a circumlunar voyage to the Moon forth with wine flies, meal worms, and other biological specimens. These were the first inhabitants of Earth to travel around the Moon. The capsule overshot its terrestrial landing site but was successfully recovered at sea on 21 September. The animals survived but had some weight loss.

On 28 June 1969, the United states launched the monkey Bonny, a macaque, on Biosatellite three in what was intended to accept been a 30-24-hour interval orbit around the Earth, with the monkey being fed by food pellets from a dispenser that he had been trained to operate. Bonny's wellness deteriorated rapidly and he was returned to Earth on vii July,[23] merely died the next day after the Biosatellite capsule was recovered in the Pacific Ocean.[24]

In full in the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Matrimony launched missions with passenger slots for at least 57 dogs. The bodily number of dogs in space is smaller, because some dogs flew more than than in one case.

On 23 December 1969, as role of the 'Operación Navidad' (Performance Christmas), Argentina launched Juan (a cai monkey, native of Argentine republic'due south Misiones Province) using a Canopus II rocket.[25] It ascended 82 kilometers[26] then was recovered successfully. After, on ane February 1970 the experience was repeated with a female monkey of the same species using a X-1 Panther rocket. It reached a higher altitude than its predecessor, but it was lost afterward the sheathing's parachute failed.

1970s [edit]

Ii bullfrogs were launched on a one-way mission on the Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite on ix November 1970, to empathize more virtually space motility sickness.

Apollo xvi, launched on 16 April 1972, carried nematodes. Apollo 17, launched on 7 Dec 1972, carried five pocket mice, Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey, who stayed in the command module with astronaut Ronald Evans as it circled the Moon for six days. One of the mice died on the trip.[27]

Skylab 3 (1973) carried pocket mice and the first fish in space (a mummichog), and the kickoff spiders in infinite (garden spiders named Arabella and Anita). Mummichog were as well flown past the U.South. on the Apollo-Soyuz joint mission, launched 15 July 1975.

The Soviets flew several Bion program missions which consisted of satellites with biological cargoes. On these launches they flew tortoises, rats, and mummichog. On Soyuz 20, launched 17 Nov 1975, tortoises ready the duration record for an animal in space when they spent xc.5 days in space. Salyut 5 on 22 June 1976, carried tortoises and a fish (a zebra danio).

1980s [edit]

The Soviet Union sent eight monkeys into space in the 1980s on Bion flights. Bion flights also flew zebra danio, fruit flies, rats, stick insect eggs and the first newts in space.

In 1985, the U.S. sent two squirrel monkeys aboard Spacelab 3 on the Infinite Shuttle with 24 male albino rats and stick insect eggs.

Bion 7 (1985) had 10 newts (Pleurodeles waltl) on board. The newts had part of their front limbs amputated, to study the rate of regeneration in space, cognition to sympathise homo recovery from space injuries.

Later on an experiment was lost in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, craven embryos (fertilized eggs) were sent into space in an experiment on STS-29 in 1989. The experiment was designed for a educatee contest.

1990s [edit]

Four monkeys flew aboard the final Bion flights of the Soviet Marriage as well as frogs and fruit flies. The Foton program flights carried fallow alkali shrimp (Artemia franciscana), newts, fruit flies, and sand desert beetles (Trigonoscelis gigas).[28] [29]

China launched guinea pigs in 1990.[30]

Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese announcer, carried Japanese tree frogs with him during his trip to the Mir infinite station in December 1990. Other biological experiments aboard Mir involved quail eggs.

Japan launched its starting time animals, a species of newt, into space on 18 March 1995 aboard the Infinite Flyer Unit of measurement.

During the 1990s the U.S. carried crickets, mice, rats, frogs, newts, fruit flies, snails, carp, medaka (rice fish), oyster toadfish, ocean urchins, swordtail fish, gypsy moth eggs, stick insect eggs, brine shrimp (Artemia salina), quail eggs, and jellyfish aboard Space Shuttles.

2000s [edit]

The concluding flying of Columbia in 2003 carried silkworms, garden orb spiders, carpenter bees, harvester ants, and Japanese killifish (medaka). Nematodes (C. elegans) from one experiment were institute still live in the debris after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[31]

C. elegans are also part of experiments aboard the International Space Station equally well as research using quail eggs.

Earlier Infinite Shuttle missions included course school, junior high and high school projects; some of these included ants, stick insect eggs and brine shrimp cysts. Other science missions included gypsy moth eggs.

On 12 July 2006, Bigelow Aerospace launched their Genesis I inflatable space module, containing many small items such every bit toys and uncomplicated experiments called past company employees that would be observed via photographic camera. These items included insects, perchance making it the showtime private flight to launch animals into space. Included were Madagascar hissing cockroaches and Mexican jumping beans — seeds containing live larvae of the moth Cydia saltitans.[32] On 28 June 2007, Bigelow launched Genesis Two, a virtually-twin to Genesis I. This spacecraft besides carried Republic of madagascar hissing cockroaches and added South African flat rock scorpions (Hadogenes troglodytes) and seed-harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex californicus).[33]

In September 2007, during the European Space Bureau's FOTON-M3 mission, tardigrades, likewise known equally water-bears, were able to survive 10 days of exposure to open up-space with simply their natural protection.[34] [35]

On the same mission, a number of cockroaches were carried inside a sealed container and at least one of the females conceived during the mission. After they were returned to Earth, the one named Nadezhda became the get-go Earth beast to produce immature that had been conceived in space.[36]

On fifteen March 2009, during the countdown of the STS-119, a gratis-tailed bat was seen clinging to the fuel tank. NASA observers believed the bat would wing off once the Shuttle started to launch, merely it did not. Upon analyzing the images, a wildlife expert who provided support to the center said information technology likely had a broken left wing and some problem with its correct shoulder or wrist. The animal most likely perished rapidly during Discovery 's climb into orbit.[37]

In November 2009, STS-129 took painted lady and monarch butterfly larvae into infinite for a school experiment equally well as thousands of C. elegans roundworms for long-term weight loss studies.

2010s [edit]

On 3 Feb 2013, on the 31st anniversary of its revolution, Iran became the latest state to launch animals into space. The animals (a mouse, 2 turtles and some worms) were launched on height of the Kavoshgar three rocket and returned live to World.[38] [39]

In May 2011, the last flight of Space Shuttle Effort (STS-134) carried two gilt orb spiders, named Gladys and Esmeralda, as well as a fruit fly colony as their food source in guild to study the effects of microgravity on spiders' behavior.[40] [41] Tardigrades and extremophiles were also sent into orbit.[42] [43] [44]

In November 2011, the Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment on the Fobos-Grunt mission planned to conduct tardigrades to Mars and back; however, the mission failed to leave Earth orbit.

In October 2012, 32 medaka fish were delivered to the International Space Station past Soyuz TMA-06M for the new Aquatic Habitat in the Kibo module.

On 28 January 2013, Iranian news agencies reported that Iran sent a monkey in a "Pishgam" rocket to a height of 116 km (72 mi) and retrieved a "shipment". Later Islamic republic of iran'southward space research website uploaded an xviii-minute video.[45] The video was uploaded subsequently on YouTube.[46]

In January 2014, the search strategies of pavement ants were studied on the ISS.[47] [48]

On 19 July 2014, Russian federation announced that they launched their Foton-M4 satellite into low Globe orbit (575 kilometers) with i male person and four female geckos (possibly gold dust day geckos) as the payload. This was an effort to study the effects of microgravity on reproductive habits of reptiles.[49] On 24 July 2014, information technology was announced that Russia had lost control of the Foton-M4 satellite, leaving just two months to restore contact before the geckos' food supply was exhausted.[fifty] Control of the satellite was subsequently restored on 28 July 2014.[51] On 1 September 2014 Russia confirmed the death of all five geckos, stating that their mummified bodies seem to signal they froze to expiry. Russia is said to take appointed an emergency committee to investigate the animals' deaths.[52]

On 23 September 2014, SpaceX CRS-4 mission delivered 20 mice to live on the ISS for study of the long-term effects of microgravity on the rodents. This was the first apply of the Rodent Inquiry Hardware System.[53]

On 14 April 2015, the SpaceX CRS-six delivered twenty C57BL/6NTAC mice to alive on the ISS for evaluating microgravity equally the extreme opposite of a healthy agile lifestyle. In the absenteeism of gravity, astronauts are subject to a decrease in muscle, bone, and tendon mass. "Although, we're not out to care for couch potatoes," states head Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR) scientist on the projection Dr. Sam Cadena, "we're hoping that these experiments volition aid usa to better sympathise muscle loss in populations where physical activity in any form is not an option; east.grand., in the frail elderly or those subjected to bed rest or immobilization due to surgery or chronic disease."[54]

On 8 April 2016, Rodent Research 3 delivered xx mice on SpaceX CRS-8. The experiment sponsored by Eli Lilly and Co. was a study of myostatin inhibition for the prevention of skeletal and musculus atrophy and weakness. Mice are known to take rapid loss of muscle and os mass after as little as 12 days of infinite flight exposure. The mice were euthanized and dissected on the station and then frozen for eventual return to Earth for further study.[55]

On 29 June 2018, a SpaceX Dragon spaceship blasted off from Florida carrying 20 mice. The rodent crew arrived at the ISS on two July 2018. Their record-breaking journey – this was the longest mice have been off the planet – was part of a study on how World-dwellers' physiology and sleep schedules responded to the stress of being in infinite.[56]

The Chinese lunar lander Chang'e 4 carries a iii kg sealed container with seeds and insect eggs to examination whether plants and insects could hatch and grow together in synergy.[57] The experiment includes six types of organisms:[58] [59] cottonseed, potato, rapeseed, Arabidopsis thaliana (a angiosperm), as well as yeast and fruit fly eggs. If the eggs hatch, the larvae would produce carbon dioxide, while the germinated plants would release oxygen through photosynthesis.[ commendation needed ] A miniature camera is imaging the growth.[58] [ relevant? ]

2021 [edit]

On June 3, 2021, SpaceX CRS-22 launched tardigrades (water bears) and Hawaiian bobtail squid to the ISS. The squid were launched every bit hatchlings and will exist studied to see if they tin incorporate their symbiotic bacteria into their low-cal organ while in space.[60]

See also [edit]

  • Alice Male monarch Chatham – American designer who designed equipment for some of the first animals in infinite
  • Bioastronautics – Academic subject
  • Félicette, first, and just, cat in space
  • List of microorganisms tested in outer space
  • Model organism – Organisms used to study biological science across species
  • Monkeys and apes in space – Space travel past primates
  • Ane Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps, 2008 documentary
  • Plants in space – Growth of plants in outer infinite
  • Soviet space dogs – Soviet-era programme that sent dogs to space
  • Infinite Dogs, 2010 film

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Berger, Eric (3 Nov 2017). "The offset creature in space was a domestic dog. She died miserably 60 years ago". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on i December 2017. Retrieved 3 Nov 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962). "Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960". Us Naval School of Aviation Medicine. ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581). Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  3. ^ UPPER AIR ROCKET SUMMARY V-ii NO. 20 Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. postwarv2.com
  4. ^ "The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952". History of Research in Infinite Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 31 Jan 2008.
  5. ^ "V-2 Firing Tables". White Sands Missile Range. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 31 Jan 2008.
  6. ^ Grayness, Tara. "A Cursory History of Animals in Space". National Helmsmanship and Space Administration. NASA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2004. Retrieved 9 Dec 2019.
  7. ^ "Peak ten Animal Astronauts" Archived 12 September 2012 at archive.today. Toptenz.net.
  8. ^ a b Asif. A. Siddiqi (2000). Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Marriage and the Space Race, 1945–1974 (PDF). NASA. p. 95. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  9. ^ "Space Monkey to be a Bride." New York Times:half dozen. 14 Baronial 1959. ProQuestWeb. 22 November 2015.
  10. ^ A brief History of Animals in Space Archived 11 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine. NASA
  11. ^ Dogs Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Space Online Today, 2004
  12. ^ Dave Mosher (20 August 2015). "I traveled to Russia and met the first dogs to ever survive infinite in this rare museum". Concern Insider. Archived from the original on v December 2019. Retrieved thirty January 2021.
  13. ^ "1960 Chronology". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  14. ^ Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; James M. Grimwood; Charles C. Alexander (1989). "MR-2: Ham Paves the Fashion". This New Ocean: A History of Projection Mercury. NASA. Archived from the original on thirty Jan 2008. Retrieved 31 Jan 2008.
  15. ^ Gray, Tara (1998). "Animals in Space". NASA History Segmentation. Archived from the original on 28 Jan 2008. Retrieved 31 Jan 2008.
  16. ^ "France". Encyclopedia Astronautica. 1997–2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010.
  17. ^ Baheux, Romain (19 October 2017). "Et si Félicette, le premier chat dans l'espace, avait bientôt sa statue?". Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  18. ^ Greyness, Tara (2008). "A Brief History of Animals in Space". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2004. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  19. ^ "China'due south secret 1960s mission to send 2 dogs into space". Southward China Morn Post. 25 Feb 2018. Retrieved fifteen August 2021.
  20. ^ Dubbs, Chris and Burgess, Colin (2007) Animals In Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer. ISBN 0387360530.
  21. ^ de León, Pablo (2010). Historia de la Actividad Espacial en la Argentina. Lulu.com. ISBN978-0-557-01782-9. Archived from the original on xviii Oct 2015. Retrieved twenty June 2015. [ self-published source ]
  22. ^ Manfredi, Alberto Northward. ARGENTINA Y LA CONQUISTA DEL ESPACIO. reconquistaydefensa.org.ar
  23. ^ ""Biosatellite Iii", NASA Life Sciences Data Annal". Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  24. ^ "Astromonk Dies Subsequently Return" Archived 16 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Pittsburgh Press, 8 July 1969, p1
  25. ^ "Córdoba" (PDF). unc.edu.ar. 19 Dec 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on two April 2015.
  26. ^ "Juan, el primer astronauta argentino" Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. unc.edu.ar.
  27. ^ Haymaker, Webb; Look, Bonne C.; Benton, Eugene 5.; Simmonds, Richard C. (1 January 1975). "The Apollo 17 Pocket Mouse Experiment (Biocore)". In Johnston, Richard Southward.; Berry, Charles A.; Dietlein, Lawrence F. (eds.). SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo (SP-368). Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. OCLC 1906749. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 11 Jan 2019.
  28. ^ Hernandorena, A.; Marco, R.; Reitz, Grand. and Facius, R. (1997) SHRIMP-ii; Furnishings of catholic radiation and space vacuum on the viability and evolution of the primitive crustacean Artemia franciscana (part 2) Archived 26 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. esa. int
  29. ^ Rietveld, West. and Alpatov, A.Thousand. (1997) Biological clocks of beetles: reactions of free-running circadian rhythms to spaceflight atmospheric condition (Beetle two) Archived 26 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. esa.int
  30. ^ "Timeline: People's republic of china's space quest". CNN. 6 January 2004. Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 31 Jan 2008.
  31. ^ Brown, Irene (30 April 2003). "Shuttle worms found alive". United Printing International. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
  32. ^ Antczak, John (27 June 2007). "NLV business firm launches Genesis Ii". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on vii February 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
  33. ^ Chen, Maijinn. "Life in a Box". BigelowAerospace.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
  34. ^ "'Water Bears' are first animal to survive vacuum of space". newscientist.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  35. ^ "'Water Bears' Able To Survive Exposure To Vacuum of Space". sciencedaily.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved x September 2008.
  36. ^ "'Hope' the Russian cockroach gives birth to first space babies" Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ria.ru. 23 Oct 2007.
  37. ^ "Bat Hung onto Shuttle During Liftoff" Archived xx March 2009 at the Wayback Automobile. xix March 2007.
  38. ^ "Tehran Times Political Desk-bound". Tehran Times. iv February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 Feb 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  39. ^ "'Iran sends mouse, worms, turtles into space". NBC News. Archived from the original on 23 Apr 2021. Retrieved two March 2010.
  40. ^ "Spiders in Infinite – Live!" Archived sixteen September 2014 at the Wayback Automobile. NASA.
  41. ^ Zschokke, Samuel; Countryman, Stefanie; Cushing, Paula E. (February 2021). "Spiders in space—orb-web-related behaviour in zero gravity". The Science of Nature. 108 (one): i-10. Bibcode:2021SciNa.108....1Z. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01708-8. PMC7716925. PMID 33270151.
  42. ^ NASA Staff (17 May 2011). "BIOKon in Space (BIOKIS)". NASA. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  43. ^ Brennard, Emma (17 May 2011). "Tardigrades: Water bears in space". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  44. ^ "Tardigrades: Water bears in space". BBC Nature. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 Dec 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  45. ^ "Reliability Enquiry Center" (in Farsi). Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved two December 2014.
  46. ^ Mohammad Mohsenipur (eighteen February 2013). "Iran'south Space Monkey Full High Quality Video". Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved ii December 2014.
  47. ^ Ants Hold Their Own Searching in Space Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Discovery News, 31 March 2015
  48. ^ Collective search by ants in microgravity Archived 31 March 2015 at the Wayback Car, Stefanie 1000. Countryman, Martin C. Stumpe, Sam P. Crow, Frederick R. Adler, Michael J. Greene, Merav Vonshak and Deborah Chiliad. Gordon, Front. Ecol. Evol., 30 March 2015
  49. ^ "Russia launches geckos and other critters into space". MotherNatureNetwork. 22 July 2014.
  50. ^ "Russia loses contact with satellite total of geckos". The Guardian. 24 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  51. ^ "Russia Restores Contact with Gecko-Filled Space Capsule". Infinite.com. 28 July 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  52. ^ "Russian federation confirms decease of five geckos on space sex mission". theguardian.com. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 Feb 2017. Retrieved thirteen December 2016.
  53. ^ Bergin, Chris. "SpaceX's CRS-4 Dragon completes Tuesday arrival at ISS" Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Car, NASA, 22 September 2014
  54. ^ "Sixth Commercial Resupply Services Flight to the International Infinite Station" (PDF). NASA. NASA. Retrieved 14 April 2015. [ dead link ]
  55. ^ "Dragon SpX-8 Cargo Overview". Archived from the original on fifteen October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  56. ^ "NASA simply launched 20 mice into space on a SpaceX rocket while their identical twins stay on Earth – here'due south what they hope to learn". Business Insider. Business Insider. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  57. ^ David, Leonard. "Comsat Launch Bolsters Prc's Dreams for Landing on the Moon's Far Side". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018.
  58. ^ a b Chinese lunar lander'due south cotton wool seeds leap to life on far side of the moon Archived 16 Jan 2019 at the Wayback Car. William Zheng, South China Morning Post. xv Jan 2019.
  59. ^ "Moon sees first cotton-seed sprout. Xinhua News. fifteen Jan 2019". Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  60. ^ Amy Thompson (one June 2021). "SpaceX will launch baby squid and tardigrades to the infinite station this week". Space.com . Retrieved 10 May 2022.

Further reading [edit]

  • McDowell, Jonathan (26 January 2000). "The History of Spaceflight: Nonhuman astronauts". The History of Spaceflight. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
  • Caswell, Kurt. 2018. Laika'due south window: The legacy of a Soviet space dog. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.
  • L. W. Fraser and E. H. Siegler, High Altitude Inquiry Using the Five-2 Rocket, March 1946 – Apr 1947 (Johns Hopkins Academy, Bumblebee Serial Written report No. 8, July 1948), p. 90.
  • Kenneth W. Gatland, Development of the Guided Missile (London and New York, 1952), p. 188
  • Capt. David M. Simons, Use of V-2 Rocket to Convey Primate to Upper Atmosphere (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base of operations, AF Technical Written report 5821, May 1949), p. 1.
  • Lloyd Mallan, Men, Rockets, and Space Rats (New York, 1955), pp. 84–93.
  • Henry, James P.; et al. (1952). "Animal Studies of the Subgravity Land during Rocket Flight". Journal of Aviation Medicine. 23 (v): 421–432. PMID 12990569.

External links [edit]

  • History of chimpanzees in U.S. air and space research
  • History of Inquiry in Space Biology and Biodynamics (NASA)
  • One Small-scale Pace: The Story of the Infinite Chimps. Documentary on History of Primates Used in Space Travel
  • Purr 'n' Fur: Felicette and Felix, Space Cats

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_space

Posted by: reimereaketury.blogspot.com

0 Response to "How Much Space Animals Take In The Ocean"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel